Technology

Linux kernels are monolithic by nature. They have a set of drivers already preinstalled on dispatch.  However there can be new devices such as a WiFi Adapter or  Bluetooth Speaker which cannot be paired to the operating system. Now we have two solutions for this.  Either start from scratch, edit and compile the entire kernel. This can be time consuming as even a high configuration system can take 15 to 18 minutes just to debug. For a business this is not viable, unless paid by the hour.  The other is to write a specific module (driver) which can be inserted into the kernel, during runtime. The whole process will take less than 5 minutes. This module is known as Linux Kernel Modules or LKM.   Uses LKM are used for creating new device drivers or file systems and network packet tracking. The latter is particularly useful in developing firewalls, Intrusion detection system (IDS) or Intrusion prevention system (IPS).   Prerequisite To create a module, we need to...

    This is a term used to describe a cyber attack where a hacker acts as middleman, during data transfer between user and an application. The app can be a financial or an E commerce website, Software as a Service (SaaS) etc. The hacker can intercept data passed via the browser to the website, and collect sensitive information such as account and credit card details, user login etc. To put it into context, it is like a postman who reads all the letters addressed to you, then reseals the same, on delivery. This way no one suspects a foul play.   Interception This is the first phase of the attack. Here the hacker establishes a connection with the target device whether a PC, Laptop or Smart phone. This is done   through various methods   like   Free WiFi  : Here a WiFi hot spot is set up  which is not password protected. When a user logs in to the network, they are in essence connecting to the hacker's system. Now any data transfer occurs via this co...

       We are entering the era of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, where each device connects remotely to one another, and the world wide web. This makes them smart in the way of integration to Artificial Intelligence, Machine learning and Data analysis. There are number of network protocols that facilitate this peer to peer communication be it ZigBee, Matter etc. More on that later.    What is Bluetooth  Invented  in 1994 by Ericsson and widely used, Bluetooth allows for short distance communication, within 10 meter radius. The data speed is between 1 Mbps and 3 Mbps. The bandwidth is in the range of 2.4 GHz to 2.485 GHz.   Frequency Hopping Unfold Spectrum This is the underlying tech used in Bluetooth. Data signals by default have low frequency, and high bandwidth. This makes them prone to distortion, affecting long distance transmission. Also the receiving antennas  have to be large in size which is a limitation for mobile phone...