The Brain within an Embedded System-Difference between Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

To understand the working of an Integrated Circuit, we need to first understand what an Embedded System is.

It is basically a conjunction of Hardware and Software parts. Embedded System is a stripped-down version of a mainstream computer, specializing in a single task. They are connected either as a standalone device, or as part of a larger electrical or mechanical system.

Mainly in consumer electronics like fridges or microwaves, they have low power rating and, is economical to build.

Embedded system performs complex mathematical calculations at any specific time. This is done thru a Central Processing Unit (CPU), mostly a Microcontroller or at times, a Microprocessor.

A Sensor is used to collect data from the external environment Eg: Temperature, atmospheric pressure etc. This is then fed into an Analog to Digital (ADC) converter. The digital signal thus obtained is stored in memory and, decoded by the CPU.

The output of the operation is then fed to a Digital to Analog (DAC) converter. The resulting analog signal is send to an Actuator, which converts electrical signal into mechanical or pneumatic action Eg: Motor or Hydraulic press.

So, what is the basic difference between these two Integrated Circuits.

Microcontrollers are basically small computers with a Central Processing Unit (CPU), inbuilt memory (RAM, ROM), output peripherals and BUS connections. They specialize in a single task. The working clock speed is low, in MHz. They have different programming languages which varies with manufacturers. Low cost and reduced power consumption are the main highlights. Espressif ESP32 is a notable example.

Microprocessors are basically a digital system that assimilate data, decode and then, execute them. They are mainly used for general purpose computing and, performs multiple tasks at any given time. However, they need to be connected to external memory, provide separate peripheral boards, and BUS configuration. Consuming more power, their clock speed is calculated in GHz. Examples include Pentium and AMD processors.

Even though embedded systems mainly use microcontrollers, there are certain areas where both are used in conjunction.

The usage of the above, depends on the type of application. Where low power and high integration is concerned, Microcontrollers is a prime choice. However, when dealing with multiple tasks and complex calculations Eg: laptops and computers, Microprocessor reigns supreme.

Helpful Links

Embedded System Definition

https://www.ibm.com/blog/microcontroller-vs-microprocessor/

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